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Stat-201 : Statistics for the life sciences - 2006 Fall term
C. J. Schwarz, Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University
Contents
Using these course notes
Introduction to Statistics
TRRGET - An overview of statistical inference
Scales of Measurement
Types and Roles of Data
Graphical design
Principles of good graphical design
Examples of Bad Graphs
Cost of Living
Exports to the US
Income levels
Job security
Sales of seafood
Wages and inflation
Workforce participation rates
Absenteeism Rates
SFU 2006 Report from President
Descriptive Statistics
Variation in data
Graphs for a single variable's distribution
Dot plot
Stem-leaf chart
Frequency chart
Bar graph/Histogram
Ogive
Segmented bar chart
Cautions about computer packages
Comparing distribution of a single variable among groups.
Example of constructing a stem-and-leaf chart, a histogram, and an ogive
Single Variable Summary statistics
Population Parameter vs sample statistic
Mean, Median, and Mode
Percentiles
Box plots - also known as quantile plots
Standard deviation
Empirical rule
Effect of linear transformations on sample statistics
Relationships between two variables
X=interval or ratio variable, Y=interval or ratio variable
Scatterplots
Summarizing the relationship - smoothers
Summarizing the relationship - fitting a straight line to data
Misc notes on fitting a straight line
Regression Example - Mercury pollution
Correlation
Principles of Causation
Y=interval/ratio, X=nominal/ordinal
X=nominal or ordinal variable, Y=nominal or ordinal variable
Contingency Tables
Contingency tables - Example - Marijuana use in college
Contingency tables - Simpson's paradox
X=interval or ratio variable, Y=nominal or ordinal variable
Producing Data
Introduction
Experimental Design
Experimental Design - How to randomize
Observational ``Experiments''
Surveys
Errors in surveys
Surveys - How to select a Simple Random Sample (SRS)
Frequently Asked Questions
Probability
Introduction
Discrete probability
Functions of probability distributions - expected value and standard deviations
Binomial distribution
Poisson distribution
Continuous Random Variables - Introduction
Normal (Gaussian) distribution
Sampling Distributions
Introduction
Distribution of Sample Mean and CLT
Inference - confidence intervals
Single mean
Confidence intervals
Single Mean - Determining the sample size
Single Proportion
Confidence intervals
Sample size determination
Inferences in Simple Linear Regression
Some closing words on inference
Frequently Asked Questions
Hypothesis Testing
Introduction
Testing if a parameter has a specified known value
Testing if single mean has a specified value
Testing if a set of proportions are equal to specified values
Testing hypotheses in Simple Regression
Cautions and FAQ before continuing
Testing the equality of more than one parameter
Introduction
Comparing two means from independent samples
Comparing two means from a completely randomized design or two independent surveys
Example - Fat content and tumor weights
Example - Growth hormone and final weight of cattle
Final notes
Comparing two or more means - ANOVA - in a Completely Randomized Design
Single factor - CRD - ANOVA
Example - Comparing phosphorus content
Example - Comparing battery lifetimes
Example 3
Final notes
Comparing two means in a paired design - the Paired t-test
Example - Quality check on two laboratories
Example - Comparing two varieties of barley
Example - Comparing prep of mosaic virus
Final notes
Frequently Askes Questions (FAQ)
Comparing two or more means in a blocked design - RCB
Introduction
Example - Comparing effects of salinity in soil
Example - Comparing different herbicides
Final notes
Comparing proportions from independent samples - chi-square tests for independence
Example - Is there a relationship between ownership and prosects:
Example - Is there a relationship between ownership and prospects # 2
Example - Is the Outcome (fatal or not fatal) independent of the cause of accident
Example - Relationship between gender and type of car preferreed
Example - Relationship between marijuana usage and parental usage of alcohol
Final notes
THE END!
Tables
A table of uniform random digits
Selected
Binomial
individual probabilities
Selected
Poisson
individual probabilities
Cumulative probability for the
Standard Normal Distribution
Selected percentiles from the
t-distribution
Selected percentiles from the
chi-squared-distribution
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Copyright 2008: Carl J. Schwarz cschwarz@stat.sfu.ca
